Basophilic granules: heparin, histamine.Phagocytosis of bacteria, senescent RBCs, and cellular debris.Different in each tissue type (e.g., Kupffer cells in the liver, histiocytes in connective tissue).Primary hemostasis ( endothelial injury → aggregation with other platelets and interaction with fibrinogen → platelet plug).α granules: vWF, fibrinogen, fibronectin.Anucleate cytoplasmic discs derived from megakaryocytes.Differentiate into plasma cells → antibody production.B cells: adaptive ( humoral) immune response.Regulatory T cells (express CD4, CD25, and FoxP3). Helper T cells (possess CD4 receptor interacting with MHC II).Cytotoxic T cells (possess CD8 receptor interacting with MHC I).T cells: adaptive (cellular) immune response.Include T cells ( ∼ 80%), B cells ( ∼15%), and natural killer (NK) cells (the remainder).Large nongranulated cytoplasm with a ground glass appearance.Dense, basophilic granules: heparin, histamine.Phagocytosis of antigen- antibody complexes.Production of other enzymes and proteins such as histaminase, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.helminths) mediated by major basic protein ( MBP) production Defense against parasitic infections (esp.Azurophilic granules ( lysosomes) containing myeloperoxidase, proteinases, acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase.Specific granules containing LAP, collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme.Buffering in acid-base homeostasis: See “ Bicarbonate buffer system.”.Transport of CO 2 to lungs for elimination (membrane CO 2 transport is mediated by Cl -/ HCO 3- antiporter).Produces energy via glycolysis and HMP shunt.Platelets, small anucleate cells produced by megakaryocytes, are required for hemostasis. T and B cells, in contrast to the cells involved in innate immunity, can target specific antigens presented to them by antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes include cells that are responsible for both the innate (natural killers) and adaptive ( T and B cells) immune system. Granulocytes are part of the innate immune system and play a key role in the immune response to bacteria, fungi, and parasites. There are two types of WBCs: granulocytes and lymphocytes. RBCs are hemoglobin-carrying cells that primarily transport oxygen. There are three main types of blood cells, all of which originate from hematopoietic stem cells, which are located primarily in the bone marrow: red blood cells ( RBCs erythrocytes), white blood cells ( WBCs leukocytes), and platelets ( thrombocytes). Blood has many functions, including transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removing waste materials (e.g., carbon dioxide, urea), regulating body temperature, and carrying cells responsible for coagulation and immune response. Human blood consists of blood cells and plasma. Hematology is the study of blood and the disorders related to it.
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